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Discharge
Water leaving a downspout at the base of a wall is a foundation problem in slow motion. Where it goes after the downspout is part of the scope, not an afterthought.
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A roof is a water-collection surface. Everything above the gutter line is designed to move water somewhere, and if the somewhere is wrong the damage turns up at the foundation, the fascia or the siding rather than on the roof — which is why it so often gets blamed on the wrong trade.

In short
Gutter size and downspout count are a function of roof area and rainfall intensity. North Texas gets its rain in short, hard bursts, which is the condition undersized guttering fails in.
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Water leaving a downspout at the base of a wall is a foundation problem in slow motion. Where it goes after the downspout is part of the scope, not an afterthought.
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Overflowing or back-pitched gutters rot fascia from behind. By the time it is visible from the street the repair has usually grown.
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Guards change the maintenance interval, not the physics. On a heavily treed lot they help; they do not remove the need to check the system.
Questions
Usually more downspouts. Adding outlets is often cheaper and more effective than increasing the profile size, and it addresses the concentration points.
Often, but the edge detail matters: drip edge, fascia condition and how the covering terminates all interact with how the gutter hangs.
With a hose and ten minutes. Run water in at the far end and watch where it goes: it should move steadily to the outlet and leave nothing behind it. Water standing in a length after the flow stops is a fall problem, and fall is what separates a run that lasts a long time from one that does not. It is also visible in a photograph, which makes it a reasonable thing to ask somebody to show you.
Yes, differently. A deep overhang throws water further from the wall, which helps the cladding and does nothing at all for the ground it lands on — a concentrated line of water along the drip line is still soaking the same strip of soil every storm, and on the clay across much of this region that is the pattern that matters. What the overhang changes is where the problem appears, not whether there is one.
Assessment request
Short, routing-only questions. Nothing here asks you to diagnose the roof yourself.